About

See how the brain is built, wired and powered

Brain Energy is a free, interactive brain for learning. Click through its regions, watch signals run through neurons and synapses, and see which parts of the brain struggle first when energy runs short.

The brain is 2 % of the body but uses about a fifth of its energy. That simple fact explains a lot — why we think less clearly when hungry or tired, why the brain slows with age, and why some parts of the brain are more fragile than others. Brain Energy puts that fact on a map you can explore.

What's inside

The Learn tab gives the background in plain language: brain regions, neurons and synapses, neuroplasticity, energy demands, the causes of energy deficiency and how it hits a neuron.

Who it is for

Brain Energy is part of BioModels AI, a collection of research-backed biology models. It is an educational tool, not a medical one.

How to use

Getting around

1. Pick a view in the top bar. Regions, Neurons, Energy or Learn. About opens these pages; the brain keeps the view you left it in.
2. Read the background. The Learn tab has the topics on the left (basics, energy, energy deficiency). Every point ends in a small book button — click it to see its sources on the right.
3. Explore regions. Click a region (on the brain or in the list on the left) to read about it on the right. Double-click it, or press Show subsections, to split it into its parts. Shift-click to select several. The Functions tab on the left lights up the regions behind each brain function.
4. Follow a neurotransmitter. The Neurotransmitters tab on the left lists the brain's main chemical messengers. Pick one to colour every region by how much of it is there (dark = high, light = low); the regions where it is made are outlined. A region's panel also lists the transmitters found in it.
5. Watch signals. In Neurons, press Start signals in the box at the top of the brain. Speed sets how fast impulses travel. Zoom in (4× or more) and click a neuron to see its cell body, axon, branches and synapses. + Neuroplasticity grows a new connection for each neuron.
6. Cut the energy. In Energy, press Start and move the Energy deficiency slider. Regions that the research finds less resilient slow down and dim first. The book button lists the studies.

Moving the view

• Scroll to zoom, drag to move; the buttons on the right: ▶ start/stop, Aa labels, − / + zoom, ⤢ fit.
• Keys: Space start/stop signals · F fit · L labels · Esc clear the selection.
• Config (bottom right) holds colours, neuron and signal settings.

Links you can share

• ?tab=neurons, ?tab=energy, ?tab=learn open a view; ?r=hippocampus opens with a region selected.
• Learn topics and About sections have their own links, e.g. ?tab=learn&s=causes or about/#scope.

Scope & Limitations

What it shows — and what it leaves out

Brain Energy is built to teach ideas clearly, not to be an exact anatomical or physiological model.

2D, not 3D

• One flat midsagittal slice: the brain cut down the middle, seen from the inside.
• No 3D shape, depth or the outer side of the hemispheres.
• Only one half; left and right are assumed to be alike.

Not all regions are covered

• The lobes, cingulate gyrus, corpus callosum and fornix, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, cerebellum and ventricles.
• Deep structures off the midline (hippocampus, amygdala) are drawn where they would project onto the slice.
• Regions that lie away from the midline are missing or merged, e.g. the insula, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus) and most cortical areas on the outer surface.

Focus: everyday and long-term energy shortage

• Gradual and chronic shortage: hunger and low blood sugar, sleep loss, altitude, ageing, insulin resistance, poor fuel use.
• Critical events — stroke, cardiac arrest, suffocation — are not modelled.

Educational goals, not visual accuracy

• Shapes, positions and proportions are simplified so regions are easy to see and click.
• Neurons are not to scale: a few hundred are drawn for 86 billion, each standing for millions of real ones, with simplified branching.
• Signal speeds and timings are slowed and stylised so they can be followed by eye.
• Energy resilience values are estimates built from a limited set of studies (mostly low blood sugar, sleep loss and low oxygen); each region shows how strong its evidence is.

Brain Energy is not a medical tool and does not give medical advice.

References

The research behind the site

Every number and claim points to a published source. The site currently uses 232 references, published between 1943 and 2025; 227 link to a DOI or PubMed record and 4 more to the publisher's page.

All references

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